弄清定狀語(yǔ) 讀懂長(zhǎng)短句

         句子是構(gòu)成篇章的基本單位。要讀懂一篇文章，首先要理解每個(gè)句子。同樣，要寫出一篇文章，首先要寫好每個(gè)句子。一個(gè)句子最短的基本成分是“主+謂”，最長(zhǎng)的基本成分是“主+謂+賓+補(bǔ)”。基本成分的修飾語(yǔ)為附屬成分：定語(yǔ)—修飾限制名詞或代詞的單詞﹑短語(yǔ)或從句；狀語(yǔ)—修飾限制謂語(yǔ)﹑句子或句子里一部分的單詞﹑短語(yǔ)或從句。

一、附屬成分作定語(yǔ)

        英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)可分為限制性定語(yǔ)和非限制性定語(yǔ)。用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)的有：名詞﹑數(shù)詞﹑形容詞﹑代詞﹑副詞﹑介詞短語(yǔ)﹑非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和定語(yǔ)從句等等。

1. 限制性定語(yǔ)：?jiǎn)蝹�(gè)詞放在被修飾的詞前面，短語(yǔ)和從句放在被修飾的詞后面。

（1）名詞﹑形容詞﹑副詞﹑數(shù)詞﹑代詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等；
①She worked in a shoe factory.
②Please don’t be so cruel to a ten-year-old child like that.
副詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的詞后面, 以表示位置的居多。如：
③Do you know the man over there?
④Poor Jack tottered toward a hospital nearby.
present, absent, a-開頭的形容詞和形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾的詞之后。可以理解成which /that / who +is（was） / are（were）引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的省略。如：
⑤All the people present at the party were his supporters.
⑥I think he is the oldest man alive in the small town.

（2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）,一般可轉(zhuǎn)換成限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
①Let’s find a restaurant to have lunch in.
句中黑體部分可改為：where/in which we can have lunch
②The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well spent.
句中黑體部分可改為：that/which was well spent
【注】 -ing形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用一般式， 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，不可使用其完成式。如：
③Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage seized the girl and took her away, disappearing into the woods.
句中黑體部分可改為：who/that was driving a golden carriage
④The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
句中黑體部分可改為：that/which smell sweet in the botanic garden

（3）限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
①We are living in an age when/in which many things are done on computer.
②Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the tiger.

2. 非限制性定語(yǔ)，一般放在后面，對(duì)中心詞起修飾作用，而不對(duì)其進(jìn)行限制。省略之后對(duì)句子意思的表達(dá)影響不大。

（1）名詞﹑數(shù)詞﹑形容詞等短語(yǔ)，可理解為一個(gè)省略的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
①David, our English teacher, appreciated your idea much.
句中黑體部分可改為：who was our English teacher
②He was sent to France, a European country.
句中黑體部分可改為：which was a European country

（2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）,一般可轉(zhuǎn)換成非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：
The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
句中黑體部分可改為： who made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us

（3）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常可轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞或并列句。如：
①John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, which was true.
句中黑體部分可改為：and it was true
②The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
句中黑體部分可改為：trying to make a comeback
【注】 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常可提前，但and引導(dǎo)的并列句應(yīng)在前一個(gè)分句后。如：
As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
可改為：We have worked out the production plan and it is often the case.

二、附屬成分作狀語(yǔ)

        狀語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾限制謂語(yǔ)﹑整個(gè)句子或句子里的一部分。常用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)的有：形容詞﹑副詞﹑介詞短語(yǔ)﹑非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和狀語(yǔ)從句等等。狀語(yǔ)和句子間的邏輯關(guān)系各有不同，可以分成不同的狀語(yǔ)：原因狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)等等。

（1）形容詞﹑副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)等作狀語(yǔ)。如：
①Thirsty, he went into a tea house. （thirsty 是形容詞，可看成是分詞短語(yǔ)being thirsty的省略，對(duì)主語(yǔ)he進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明）
②She sat quietly in her seat.（quietly是副詞，修飾動(dòng)作sat）
【注】 形容詞通常不作狀語(yǔ)，偶爾有形容詞作狀語(yǔ)，通常表示原因、方式、伴隨、時(shí)間、讓步等。如：
③He came in, full of fear. （表伴隨，相當(dāng)于When he came in, he was full of fear.）
④Ripe, the fruit tastes better. （表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于When the fruit is ripe.）
⑤Right or wrong, I will stand on your side. （表讓步，相當(dāng)于Whether you are right or wrong.）

（2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)），可轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
①Lost in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. =句中黑體部分可補(bǔ)充為：After they were lost in the mountains for a week.
②It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports stars.
句中黑體部分可改為：in order that they could have a look at the sports stars

（3）狀語(yǔ)從句。
①The house could fall down soon if no one does some quick repair work. （表?xiàng)l件）
②Roses need special care so that they can live through winter. （表目的）
③Since /as the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.（表原因）
④He speaks English as though he were an Englishman. （表方式）

         熟練掌握句子的附屬成分，對(duì)準(zhǔn)確理解句子意思大有裨益，對(duì)長(zhǎng)句的理解很有好處。在閱讀中，有利于將長(zhǎng)句讀短，去掉枝蔓，抓住核心，提高篇章的理解能力。了解句子的附屬成分也有助于寫作。正確使用好句子附屬成分能將意思表達(dá)更加準(zhǔn)確，敘述更加生動(dòng)，豐富表達(dá)方式，增強(qiáng)文章感染力。

真題精練
1. （2006年上海）I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To _____ else, it was hard to make out.
A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone

2. （2006年北京）There have been several new events _____ to the program for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

3. （2006年廣東）No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performing B. performed C. to be performed D. being performed

4. （2006年陜西）He hurried to the booking office only __ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

5. （2006年天津）The Beatle, ___ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as

6. （2006年江西）The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; _____, it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides

7. （2006年湖南）I had just stepped out the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _____ I heard the steps.
A. while B. when C. since D. after

8. （2006年浙江）I was given three books on cooking, the first _____ I really enjoyed.
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which

9. （2006年上海）—It’s a top secret.
—Yes, I see. I will keep the secret _____ you and me.
A. with B. around C. among D. between

10. （2006年江蘇）My most famous relative of all, _____ who really left his mark on America, was Red Sussel, my great-grand father.
A. one B. the one C. he D. someone

（Keys: 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C）